ကမၻာေပၚကတိုင္းျပည္အမ်ားစုက
ဘဏ္ေတြမွာ fractional reserve banking system ရွိၾကပါတယ္.. အဲဒါက ဘာလဲဆုိရင္
စာရင္းရွင္အပ္ေငြ checkable deposits ေတြရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္း fraction ကို
မိမိဘဏ္ရဲ႕ေငြတိုက္မွာ ေငြသားအျဖစ္ နဲ႔ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ဗဟိုဘဏ္မွာ အပ္ႏွံေငြ
အျဖစ္နဲ႔ျဖစ္ေစ သီးသန္႔ ဖယ္ထားရတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္....။
အဲဒီ fractional
reserve system ရဲ႕ ေနာက္ခံ သမိုင္းေၾကာင္းက ဒီလိုပါ။ ဟိုတုံးက ကုန္သည္ေတြက
အေရာင္းအဝယ္ လုပ္တဲ႔အခါ ေရႊကို သုံးခဲ႔ၾကတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ႔ ဒီလိုလုပ္တာဟာ လုံလဲ
မလုံၿခံဳဘူး။ သယ္ရတာလဲ အဆင္မေျပဘူး။ ၿပီးေတာ႔လဲ အေရာင္းအဝယ္လုပ္တုိင္း ေရႊစစ္၊
မစစ္ ဆုံးျဖတ္ရေသးတယ္။ အဲဒီေတာ႔ ၁၆ ရာစုေလာက္မွာ သူတို႔က သူတို႔ရဲ႕ေရႊေတြကို
ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြဆီမွာ အပ္ၾကတယ္။ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြက ေငြတုိက္ထဲမွာ
သိမ္းထားေပးတယ္။ ေရႊေတြလာအပ္ရင္ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြက လာအပ္တဲ႔သူကို
လက္ခံျဖတ္ပိုင္းေလး ထုတ္ေပးတယ္။ မၾကာခင္မွာဘဲ လူေတြက ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္
ေတြဆီကရတဲ႔ ျဖတ္ပိုင္းေလးေတြနဲ႔ ကုန္အေရာင္းအဝယ္အတြက္ ေငြေပးေခ်မွဳေတြ
လုပ္ၾကေတာ႔တယ္။ အဲဒါက ပထမဆုံး စကၠဴပိုက္ဆံ အမ်ိဳးအစားဘဲ။
ဒီေနရာမွာ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြ
(တနည္းေျပာရရင္ ေရွးေခတ္က ဘဏ္လုပ္ငန္း လုပ္ကိုင္သူေတြ) ဟာ ၁၀၀% reserve system ကို
သုံးခဲ႔တာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ သူတို႔ရဲ႕ေငြတုိက္ထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ႔ reserve လုိ သေဘာထားတဲ႔
ေရႊေတြရဲ႕ တန္ဘုိးနဲ႔ အညီ ပိုက္ဆံလိုသေဘာမ်ိဳး စကၠဴျဖတ္ပိုင္းေလးေတြ ထုတ္ေပးတယ္။
ဒါေပမဲ႔ လူေတြကလဲ အဲဒီေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြရဲ႕ ျဖတ္ပိုင္းေတြကို စကၠဴ ပိုက္ဆံအျဖစ္
လက္ခံလာၾကတာေၾကာင္႔ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ ေတြဟာ တျဖည္းျဖည္းနဲ႔ ဘယ္လို နားလည္ သေဘာေပါက္ လာၾကသလဲ
ဆိုရင္ ေရႊေတြကိုအပ္ထားတဲ႔ ပိုင္ရွင္ေတြဟာ အဲဒီေရႊေတြကို ေတာ္ေတာ္နဲ႔
လာမထုတ္ဘူးဆိုတာပါဘဲ။ ေနာက္ထပ္ ဘာသြားေတြ႔လဲဆုိေတာ႔ တစ္ပတ္ သို႔မဟုတ္
တစ္လမွာ သူတို႔ဆီမွာအပ္ထားတဲ႔ ေရႊပမာဏက လာထုတ္တဲ႔ ေရႊပမာဏထက္ ပိုမ်ားတယ္ဆိုတာကို
ပါဘဲ။
ဒီေတာ႔
ခပ္လည္လည္ခပ္နပ္နပ္ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္အခ်ိဳ႕က သူတို႔သိမ္းေပးထားတဲ႔ ေရႊပမာဏထက္မ်ားတဲ႔
စကၠဴျဖတ္ပိုင္း ေတြထုတ္ေပးရင္ ရတယ္ဆိုတဲ႔ အခ်က္ကို သြားေတြ႔တယ္။
ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြက ေရႊနဲ႔လဲယူလုိ႔ရတဲ႔ အဲဒီ ျဖတ္ပိုင္းေလးေတြကို ကုန္သည္ေတြ၊
ထုတ္လုပ္သူေတြ၊ စားသုံးသူေတြကို အတိုးရတဲ႔ ေခ်းေငြအျဖစ္ ထုတ္ေခ်းတယ္။ ဥပမာအားျဖင္႔
ေငြေခ်းယူသူ borrower က က်ပ္ ၁၀,၀၀၀ တန္တဲ႔ ျဖတ္ပိုင္းကို ေခ်းလုိက္ရင္
တစ္ႏွစ္ျပည္႔တဲ႔အခါ က်ပ္ ၁၀,၅၀၀ ျပန္ေပးရတယ္။ အတိုးႏွဳန္း က ၅% ေပါ႔။
ေငြေခ်းယူသူေတြကလဲ အဲဒီ ျဖတ္ပိုင္းပုံစံ ေခ်းေငြကို လုိခ်င္ၾကတယ္။ ဘာလို႔လဲဆိုေတာ႔
အဲဒီ ျဖတ္ပိုင္းေလးေတြက ေဈးကြက္ထဲမွာ medium of exchange အျဖစ္နဲ႔ လက္ခံၾကတဲ႔
အတြက္ ေၾကာင္႔ပါဘဲ။
ဒါဟာ
ဘဏ္လုပ္ငန္းက fractional reserve system ရဲ႕အစပါဘဲ။ ဘဏ္ေတြရဲ႕ ေငြတုိက္ထဲမွာရွိတဲ႔
သီးသန္႔ေငြသား ဟာ စုစုေပါင္း ေငြေၾကးပမာဏရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေလးတစ္ခုေပါ႔။ ဥပမာ-
အကယ္၍ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္က သူသိမ္းထားတဲ႔ တကယ္႔ ေရႊ ရဲ႕ က်ပ္ ၁ သန္းဖိုးကို
ျဖတ္ပိုင္းထုတ္ေပးတယ္.. ေနာက္တစ္ခါ ေခ်းေငြအျဖစ္နဲ႔က က်ပ္ ၁ သန္း ဖုိးကုိ
ျဖတ္ပိုင္းထုတ္ေပးတယ္။ အဲဒီအခါမွာ စုစုေပါင္းလည္ပတ္ေနတဲ႔ စကၠဴပိုက္ဆံက က်ပ္ ၂
သန္းဖိုး ျဖစ္တယ္။ သိမ္းထား တဲ႔ ေရႊတန္ဘုိးရဲ႕ ၂ ဆေပါ႔။ ေငြတိုက္ ထဲမွာ သီးသန္႔
သိမ္းထားတဲ႔ ေရႊက အျပင္မွာ လည္ပတ္တည္ရွိေနတဲ႔ စကၠဴပိုက္ဆံရဲ႕ တစ္ဝက္ေပါ႔။
ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြရဲ႕
သမိုင္းေၾကာင္းက fractional reserve banking ရဲ႕ ထူးျခားတဲ႔ လကၡဏာ ၂ ရပ္ကို
မီးေမာင္း ထုိးျပထား ပါတယ္..။
(၁) ဘဏ္ေတြဟာ
ေငြေခ်း (lend) ၿပီးေတာ႔ ပိုက္္ဆံရေအာင္ ဖန္တီးႏိုင္တယ္။ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြဟာ
သူတို႔ဆီမွာရွိတဲ႔ သီးသန္႔ေရႊေတြက အျပည္႔အဝ ေက်ာေထာက္ေနာက္ခံ မလုပ္ထားတဲ႔၊ စကၠဴပိုက္ဆံေတြကို ေငြေခ်းဌားသူ borrower
ေတြဆီကို ထုတ္ေပးၿပီး အတိုးယူတယ္။ ေငြရေအာင္ ဖန္တီးတယ္။ ဆိုလိုတာက သူတို႔ဆီမွာ
ရွိတဲ႔ ေရႊေတြထက္ ပမာဏပိုမ်ားတဲ႔ ပိုက္ဆံေတြကို ထုတ္ေခ်းတယ္။ ဖန္တီးႏိုင္တဲ႔
ေငြပမာဏကေတာ႔ ဒီသီးသန္႔ထား ထားတဲ႔ ေရႊပမာဏေပၚမူတည္ပါတယ္။ လာထုတ္တဲ႔ ေရႊပမာဏက
နည္းတယ္လုိ႔ ထင္ေလေလ၊ လာမထုတ္ေလေလ ေရႊပန္းထိမ္သည္ေတြ ဖန္တီးႏိုင္တဲ႔ ေငြပမာဏက
မ်ားေလေလပါဘဲ။ ဒီကေန႔ေခတ္မွာေတာ႔ ေရႊကို ဘဏ္ရဲ႕ သီးသန္႔ လ်ာထားေငြအျဖစ္မသုံးၾကေတာ႔ဘူး။
ေငြသားေတြကိုဘဲ bank reserve အျဖစ္ သုံးပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ႔ ဘဏ္ေတြက အပ္ေငြေတြထဲက
ထုတ္ေခ်းႏိုင္တဲ႔ ပမာဏကို အဲဒီ သီးသန္႔ေငြသားေတြက ကန္႔သတ္ထားတယ္။ ဘဏ္ေတြဟာ သီးသန္႔
ေငြသားပမာဏကို ဥပေဒအရ ထားကို ထားရပါတယ္။
(၂) အဲဒီ
fractional reserve ကို အေျခခံၿပီး လည္ပတ္ေနရတဲ႔ ဘဏ္ေတြဟာ ေငြအပ္ထားသူေတြက
အပ္ေငြေတြကို တၿပိဳင္တည္း စုၿပံဳ ေငြထုတ္ၾကရင္ေတာ႔ ဘဏ္ေတြမွာ စိုးရိမ္ထိတ္လန္႔ဖြယ္ရာ
အေျခအေန ေငြျပတ္လပ္မွဳ bank runs or panics နဲ႔ ေတြ႔ႀကံဳရေတာ႔ တာပါဘဲ။ ဒီလို
ကံမေကာင္း အေၾကာင္းမလွအေျခအေနနဲ႔ ေတြ႔ႀကံဳရၿပီဆိုရင္ ဘဏ္ေတြ ပ်က္စီးကုန္ ေတာ႔တာပါဘဲ။
သို႔ေသာ္လဲ ဘဏ္ေတြရဲ႕ သီးသန္႔ေငြသားနဲ႔ ေငြေခ်းတဲ႔ မူဝါဒေတြကုိ ေစ႔ေစ႔စပ္စပ္
ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ခိုင္ခိုင္ခန္႔ခန္႔ လုပ္ထားရင္ေတာ႔ bank panic က ျဖစ္ဖို႔ သိပ္ကို
ခဲယဥ္းပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင္႔လဲ ဘဏ္လုပ္ငန္း စံနစ္ေတြမွာ စည္းမ်ဥ္းစည္းကမ္း တင္းတင္းၾကပ္ၾကပ္ထားရတဲ႔
အေၾကာင္းရင္း တစ္ခုကေတာ႔ ေငြအပ္သူေတြ စုၿပံဳထုတ္တဲ႔ bank runs ကို ကာကြယ္ဖို႔ဘဲ
ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒါေၾကာင္႔လဲ
အပ္ေငြအာမခံ deposit insurance ထားတဲ႔စံနစ္ျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။ အပ္ေငြေတြကို
အာမခံထားျခင္းျဖင္႔ deposit insurance သည္ bank runs လုိ ျပႆနာမ်ိဳးကို
ကာကြယ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ bank runs ျဖစ္တဲ႔ အေျခအေနမ်ိဳးမွာ "ဘဏ္ က
ေဒဝါလီခံရေတာ႔မယ္၊ ဘဏ္ေငြတိုက္ထဲမွာ ထားထားတဲ႔ သီးသန္႔ေငြသားကလဲ နည္းနည္းေလးဘဲ
ရွိေတာ႔တယ္" စတဲ႔ ေကာလဟာလေတြကလဲ ပ်ံ႕ႏွ႔ံလာပါတယ္။ bank runs
လုိ႔ေခၚရတာကလဲ ေငြအပ္ထားသူေတြဟာ ဘဏ္ေတြဆီကို ေျပးလာ (run) ၿပီး ဘဏ္မွာက်န္တဲ႔
ေငြသားေတြထဲက သူတို႔ေငြကိုရေအာင္ ထုတ္ၾကလို႔ဘဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ကံေကာင္းသူရမယ္ေပါ႔။
ေကာလဟာလဆိုတာ အေျခအျမစ္မရွိပါဘူး။ ဒါေပမဲ႔လဲ ဘဏ္ေတြမွာ သူ႔မွာရွိရမဲ႔
ပုံမွန္သီးသန္႔ေငြသား ရွိေနရင္ေတာင္မွ ေဒဝါလီခံရဖို႔ ျဖစ္လာပါေတာ႔တယ္။
လူေတြအမ်ားႀကီး တၿပိဳင္တည္းေငြထုတ္တဲ႔အခါ သီးသန္႔ေငြသားလက္က်န္က ျပတ္ထြက္ သြားၿပီး
ေငြအပ္ထားသူေတြအားလုံးကို ေပးဖို႔က မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေတာ႔ပါဘူး။ ဒီေတာ႔ ေငြအပ္သူေတြကို
သူတို႔ရဲ႕ အပ္ေငြေတြ အၿမဲရ-ရမယ္လုိ႔ အာမခံေပးထားျခင္းျဖင္႔ deposit insurance ဟာ
အပ္ေငြေတြကို အလုအယက္ ထုတ္ဖို႔ႀကိဳးစားတာကို ဖယ္ရွားေပး လုိက္ပါတယ္။ bank runs
အမ်ားစုကို တားဆီးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။
ေနာက္ေဆာင္းပါးမ်ားမွာ
ယခုေခတ္ fractional reserve system ဘယ္လို အလုပ္လုပ္သလဲဆိုတာကို ကူးသန္း ေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးဘဏ္တစ္ခုရဲ႕
လက္က်န္ရွင္းတမ္းနဲ႔ ေဖာ္ျပမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္......။
McConnell, Brue ႏွင္႔ Flynn တုိ႔ေရးသားေသာ eighteenth edition, "Economics, Principles, Problems, and Policies" ကို ကိုးကားဘာသာျပန္ပါသည္။
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