ဒီတော့ ငွေချေးစာချုပ်ဖြစ်တဲ့ Note နဲ့ property, goods or services တွေကို လဲလှယ်ခြင်း အတွက် arm's length transaction နဲ့ ပြုလုပ်တဲ့ အခါမှာ Note ပေါ်က stated interest rate ကို သင့်လျော် မှန်ကန်တယ် လို့ ယူဆပါတယ်။ အဲလို ယူဆနိုင်ဖို့အတွက်လဲ -
- Note ပေါ်မှာ interest rate ကို ဖော်ပြထား ရမယ်။
- ဖော်ပြထားတဲ့ interest rate ဟာလဲ ကျိုးကြောင်းဆီလျော်မှု ရှိရမယ်။
- Note ပေါ်မှာ ဖော်ပြ ထားတဲ့ face amount သည် အလားတူ ငွေချေးစာချုပ်ရဲ့ လက်ရှိပေါက်စျေး သို့မဟုတ် လဲလှယ်မဲ့ ပစ္စည်းရဲ့ လက်ရှိ ငွေသားပေါက်စျေး တွေနဲ့ သိသိသာသာကြီး ကွဲလွဲမှု မရှိရဘူး။
Note ပေါ်မှာ stated interest rate ကိုမဖော်ပြထားရင် note ရဲ့ face amount နဲ့လဲလှယ်မဲ့ property ရဲ့ စျေးကွက် ပေါက်စျေး ခြားနားချက်က အတိုးငွေပမာဏ ဘဲ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဥပမာအားဖြင့် BB ကုမ္ပဏီ က AA ကုမ္ပဏီကို ငွေသားတန်ဖိုး $200,000 ရှိတဲ့ မြေကွက်ကို ရောင်းတယ်။ AA က BB ကို ပိုက်ဆံ မပေးဘဲ ၅ နှစ်သက်တမ်းရှိတဲ့ $293,866 ရှိတဲ့ zero-interest bearing note ကို ပေးတယ်။ zero interest ဖြစ်တဲ့အတွက် Future Cash Flow မှာ နှစ်စဉ်အတိုးကို တွက်စရာမလိုတော့ဘူး။ အခုဆိုရင် ၅နှစ် သက်တမ်းစေ့ရင် ပေးရမဲ့ $293,866 ရဲ့ present value က မြေကွက်တန်ဘိုး $200,000 ဖြစ်တယ်။ ဒီတော့ Time Value Table များ မှတစ်ဆင့် အတိုးနှုန်းကို တွက်နိုင်ပါတယ်။ Table 2 Present Value of a Single Sum ကနေ တွက်ရမှာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
Present Value = Future Value x PVF
(5, ?)
$200,000 = $293,866 x PVF (5, ?)
PVF (5, ?) = $200,000 / $293,866
PVF (5, ?) = 0.680582
Table 2 Present Value of a Single Sum မှာ Period 5 မှာရှိတဲ့ present value များကို ရှာကြည့်တဲ့ အခါ 0.68058 ကို 8% တည့်တည့်အောက်မှာ တွေ့ရမှာဘဲ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဒါကြောင့် effective interest rate က 8% ဘဲ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
အဲဒီတော့ AA နဲ့ BB ၂ ဖက်စလုံးက မြေကွက်ကို ရောင်းတဲ့နေ့မှာ Note ရဲ့ face amount ဖြစ်တဲ့ $293,866 ကို record လုပ်ကြမှာလား ကြည့်ပါမယ်။ မလုပ်ပါဘူး။ လုပ်လိုက်ရင် မြေကွက်ဝယ်သူ AA ရဲ့ Land Account နဲ့ မြေကွက်ရောင်းသူ BB ရဲ့ ရောင်းရငွေဟာ $93,866 ပိုသွားမှာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ အလားတူ စွာဘဲ BB ရဲ့ အတိုးရငွေ interest revenue နဲ့ AA ရဲ့ အတိုးစရိတ် interest expense မှာလဲ ၅ နှစ်စာ အတွက် $93,866 လျော့နေမှာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဘာဖြစ်လို့လဲ ဆိုတော့ မြေကွက် ရောင်းရငွေသား $200,000 နဲ့ note ရဲ့ face amount $293,866 တို့ကြားခြားနားချက် $93,866 က အတိုးပမာဏအနေနဲ့ effective rate 8% မှာ ကိုယ်စားပြုနေတဲ့ အတွက်ကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ AA နဲ့ BB တို့ မြေကွက်နဲ့ note ကို လဲလှယ်တဲ့နေ့မှာ ဘယ်လို စာရင်းသွင်းသလဲ ကြည့်ကြမယ်။
Note ရဲ့သက်တမ်း ၅ နှစ်ကာလအတွင်းမှာ AA ကုမ္ပဏီက discount $93,866 ကို interest expense ထဲသို့ နှစ်စဉ် amortize လုပ်ပါတယ်။ BB ကုမ္ပဏီကလဲ discount $93,866 ကို interest revenue ထဲသို့ ၅ နှစ်ကာလ တစ်လျှောက် amortize လုပ်ပါတယ်။ အောက်ပါ ဇယားကတော့ AA ကုမ္ပဏီအတွက် Discount Amortization Schedule ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
AA ကုမ္ပဏီက သူရတဲ့ ပမာဏ $200,000 ကို တည်ထားပြီး discount amortize လုပ်တာပါ။ ဒီနေရာမှာ ၅ နှစ်ကာလ အဆုံးမှာ note ရဲ့ carrying amount က note ရဲ့ face value $293,866 ဖြစ်သွားပါ တယ်။
AA အတွက် End of Year 1 နဲ့ End of Year 5 မှာ journal entry သွင်းတာကို ပြပါဦးမယ်။
ဒီမှာ သတိပြုရမှာက Interest Expense ဆိုတာ AA ကနေ BB ကို ပေးရတဲ့ အတိုး မဟုတ်ဘူးနော်။ AA က ဝယ်လိုက် တဲ့ မြေကွက်တန်ဘိုးဟာ ပြန်ပေးရမဲ့ note ရဲ့ face value ထက် နည်းတဲ့အတွက် အဲဒီ discount ကို interest expense အဖြစ်နဲ့ note ရဲ့ သက်တမ်းတစ်လျှောက် ဖြန့်ပြီး ခွဲဝေတာပါ။ ၅ နှစ်စေ့တဲ့အခါ AA က BB ကို note ရဲ့ face value $293,866 ကို ပေးလိုက်ရပါတယ်။
အခု BB ကုမ္ပဏီအတွက် Note Discount Amortization Schedule ကို ဆွဲပါမယ်။ ၅ နှစ်စေ့မှ note ပေါ်က face value $293,866 ကို ရမယ်။ အခုသူပေးလိုက်တာက $200,000 တန်မြေကွက် ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ကြားက ကွာခြားချက်ကိုလဲ BB က interest revenue အဖြစ်နဲ့ note ရဲ့ သက်တမ်း တစ်လျှောက် ဖြန့်ပြီး ခွဲဝေပါမယ်။
BB ကုမ္ပဏီဖက်က ကြည့်ရင် Notes Receivable ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
Present Value of Notes Receivable = Present Value of Face Amount + Present Value of Interest
= $200,000 + $0
= $200,000
Note Receivable ရဲ့ Present Value ကို စတည်ပြီး တွက်ပါတယ်။ ဝယ်သူ AA ကုမ္ပဏီရဲ့ Amortization Schedule နဲ့ မတူတာကတော့ ရောင်းသူ BB ကုမ္ပဏီဖက်က Cash Received နဲ့ Interest Revenue ဘဲ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ Interest Revenue ဆိုတာကလဲ BB က ငွေသားအနေနဲ့ ရတာ မဟုတ်ပါ။ Note ရဲ့ face amount နဲ့ ပေးလိုက်ရတဲ့ မြေကွက် တန်ဘိုး ကြားထဲက ခြားနားချက်ကို Interest Revenue အနေနဲ့ Note ရဲ့ သက်တမ်း တစ်လျှောက် ဖြန့်ပြီး ခွဲဝေတာပါ။
Interest Revenue = Present Value of Notes at the beginning of the period x Effective Interest Rate for the period
= $200,000 x 8%
= $16,000
Amortization of Discount on Note = Interest Revenue - Cash Interest Received
= $16,000 -$0
= $16,000
Carrying Value of Note at the end of Year 2 = Carrying Value of Note at Year 1 + Discount Amortized
= $200,000 + $16,000
= $216,000
ဒါတွေက BB ကုမ္ပဏီရဲ့ Amortization Schedule မှာ တွက်ချက်တာတွေကို ရှင်းပြတာပါ။ အခု BB အတွက် End of Year 1 နဲ့ End of Year 5 ရှိ journal entry သွင်းတာကို ပြပါမယ်။
အပေါ်မှာတွက်ထားတဲ့ Amortization များကို Effective Interest Method နဲ့ တွက်ချက်ခြင်း ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
အခု ဒီမှာ ခဏနားပါဦးမည်။
Kieso, Weygandt, နှင့် Warfield တို့ရေးသားသော Intermediate Accounting 14th edition ကို မှီငြမ်း ဘာသာပြန်ဆိုပါသည်။
ဖြူ ဖြူ
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